Publications of author: Рыжова Дарья Александровна

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна, Бадрызлова Юлия Геннадиевна. Lexical systems with systematic gaps: verbs of falling

The paper contributes to the typology of encoding motion events by highlighting the role of the verbal root meaning in lexicalization of motion. We focus on lexical semantics of the verbs of falling, which we study on a sample of 42 languages using the frame-based approach to lexical typology. We show that, along with downward motion, the verbs of falling regularly denote adjacent situations; and vice versa, the idea of downward motion is systematically conveyed by verbs from adjacent semantic fields. These findings challenge the application of the classical parameters of motion events (e.g. Path) to any given motion event description and offer new insights into the understanding of lexicalization patterns in general.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна, Ардабаева Мадина Шодиевна. Поле искать : шугнанские данные в свете лексической типологии (Semantic field seek : Shughni data in the light of lexical typology)

The paper deals with verbs and verbal constructions with the meaning ‘to seek, to search, to look for’ (the semantic field SEEK) in the Shughni language against a typological background. On the basis of dictionary data and the results of elicitation sessions with native speakers, the peculiarities of the lexicalization of the SEEK field in modern Shughni are revealed, and assumptions are made regarding the dynamics of the development of this system from the middle of the twentieth century to the present day.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна, Бадрызлова Юлия Геннадьевна. Lexical typology and semantic maps: Perspectives and challenges

The paper outlines the basics of data collection, analysis and visualization under the frame-based approach to lexical typology and illustrates its methodology using the data of cross-linguistic research on verbs of falling. The framework reveals several challenges to semantic map modelling that usually escape researchers’ attention. These are: (1) principles of establishing lexical comparative concepts; (2) the effective ways of visualization for the opposition between direct and figurative meanings of lexical items; (3) the problem of the borderlines between semantic fields, which seem to be very subtle. These problems are discussed in detail in the paper, as well as possible theoretical decisions and semantic modelling techniques that could overcome these bottlenecks.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Paperno Denis. Constructing a typological questionnaire with distributional semantic models

The paper presents a methodology for automatic construction of lexical typological questionnaires for qualitative semantic domains (e.g. sharp, straight, thick, or smooth). Our algorithm is based on data from a monolingual corpus; it constructs a list of collocations for the corresponding lexemes, computes a vector representation for every collocation, clusters the vector space into semantically homogeneous groups and extracts the three central elements from every cluster. We compare the resulting questionnaires against test data from the semantic domains that are already well studied manually. The algorithm demonstrates high quality results and can be used in the practice of lexical typological research.

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Кюсева Мария Викторовна, Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Parina Elena. Methodology at work Semantic fields sharp and blunt

The article compares the qualities ‘sharp’ and ‘blunt’ in 20 languages. We show that they tend to be unequal, with bluntness being negatively defined through sharpness. The two main oppositions in the domain are 1) the type of sharp object, and 2) the sense through which the quality is primarily experienced. The first opposition divides objects into bladed (knives etc) and pointed (needles etc), the second deals with touch vs. vision and translates to function (sharp/blunt instruments etc) vs. shape (pointed/rounded features etc).

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Багирокова Ирина Гаруновна. Глаголы прятания и особенности их оформления локативными аффиксами в адыгейском языке (Verbs of hiding and their combinability with locative affixes in Adyghe)

This paper investigates the semantics of hiding in Adyghe from a typological perspective. There are four verb stems: ʁebəλə– ‘to hide’, wəχʷəme- ‘to protect, to cover up’, wəŝefə- ‘to conceal’, and xeḳʷ ečʼ̣ e– ‘to mix, to blend in’. The central verb of the field, ʁebəλə- ‘to hide’, describes situations where the object is put somewhere to be out of sight (e.g. ‘to hide money into the safe’). It combines with the same locative affixes as standard verbs of motion do. In current usage, the verb wəχʷəme- stands for ‘to protect’, whereas the locative prefix čẹ – ‘under’ changes its meaning to ‘to cover up, to hide’ (e.g. ‘to get the picture covered in dust’). The verb wəŝefə- ‘to conceal’ denotes a specific, “passive” mode of hiding, the primary goal of which is to keep the object secret (e.g. ‘to conceal the income from the taxation authorities’). And the verb xeḳ ʷečʼ̣ e- ‘to mix, to blend in’ expresses the idea of hiding something amongst multiple entities (e.g. ‘to disappear into the crowd’). As is shown, the combinability of these four verbs with certain affixes, including locatives, is highly determined by their lexical meaning. The research serves to clarify the semantics of several verb stems and locative affixes in Adyghe and is considered to contribute to the general typology of hiding.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна. Фрагмент лексической системы казымского диалекта хантыйского языка: глаголы pitti ‘упасть, попасть’ и χɔjti ‘задеть, попасть’ и их аргументная структура (A FRAGMENT OF THE LEXICAL SYSTEM OF KAZYM KHANTY: THE VERBS PITTI ‘TO FALL; TO GET INTO SOMEWHERE’ AND ΧƆJTI ‘TO TOUCH; TO HIT THE TARGET’, AND THEIR ARGUMENT STRUCTURE))

The study describes the semantics of the Kazym Khanty verbs pitti ‘to fall; to get into somewhere’ and χɔjti ‘to touch; to hit the target’ as analyzed from the perspective of the frame-based approach to lexical typology. According to this approach, semantic fields consist of certain situation types, or frames, which are denoted by the lexemes belonging to the field. The situation types correspond to distributional patterns and serve as a basis for cross-linguistic comparison of word meanings.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Багирокова Ирина Гаруновна. Глаголы падения и особенности их аргументной структуры в адыгских языках (Verbs of falling and their argument structure in Circassian languages)

This paper describes the semantics of falling in Adyghe and Kuban Kabardian from a typological perspective. The analysis is based on corpus data, accompanied by the results of elicitation.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна, Резникова Татьяна Исидоровна. Глаголы падения в языках мира: фреймы, параметры и типы систем (Verbs of falling in the languages of the world: frames, parameters, and types of the systems)

The article presents the results of a typological analysis of FALLING verbs performed on a sample of 42 languages.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна, Резникова Татьяна Исидоровна. Типология метафор падения (The metaphors of falling)

The paper discusses the metaphorical extensions of FALLING verbs, identified on a sample of 20 languages, including, besides several Standard Average European languages, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Aghul, Adyghe, Basque, and some other languages from different language families. The verbs under study are characterized by a wide range of figurative meanings, which are shown to be recurrent across languages, cf. the well-known pattern LESS IS DOWN, as well as the semantics of the onset of a season, transformation, surrender, lagging behind a group, and many others.

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Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Паперно Денис Аронович. Automatic construction of lexical typological questionnaires

Questionnaires constitute a crucial tool in linguistic typology and language description. By nature, a Questionnaire is both an instrument and a result of typological work: its purpose is to help the study of a particular phenomenon cross-linguistically or in a particular language, but the creation of a Questionnaire is in turn based on the analysis of cross-linguistic data. We attempt to alleviate linguists’ work by constructing lexical Questionnaires automatically prior to any manual analysis. A convenient Questionnaire format for revealing fine-grained semantic distinctions includes pairings of words with diagnostic contexts that trigger different lexicalizations across languages. Our method to construct this type of a Questionnaire relies on distributional vector representations of words and phrases which serve as input to a clustering algorithm. As an output, our system produces a compact prototype Questionnaire for cross-linguistic exploration of contextual equivalents of lexical items, with groups of three homogeneous contexts illustrating each usage. We provide examples of automatically generated Questionnaires based on 100 frequent adjectives of Russian, including veselyj ‘funny’, ploxoj ‘bad’, dobryj ‘kind’, bystryj ‘quick’, ogromnyj ‘huge’, krasnyj ‘red’, byvšij ‘former’ etc. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the Questionnaires confirms the viability of our method.

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Холкина Лилия Сергеевна, Рыжова Дарья Александровна, Рахилина Екатерина Владимировна. Approaching perceptual qualities: the case of heavy

The paper examines the properties of heavy as a perceptual concept, based on evidence from 11 languages. We demonstrate that the semantics of this concept is heterogeneous; lexemes of this field can be used in situations of at least three types: Lifting, Shifting and Weighing. These situations are either lexicalised as separate words or they converge in a single lexeme in various combinations following certain strategies. We also argue that different metaphorical extensions correspond to different situation types; this allows us to use analysis of metaphoric shifts as an additional instrument to establish the semantic structure of direct meanings.

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